**Abstract:**
Understanding the internal flow field of a pump, especially the two-phase flow field, is essential for improving pump performance. To achieve this, the University of Petroleum (Beijing) developed a simulation test device capable of studying both single-phase and gas-liquid two-phase flows. The single-phase system allows for more accurate simulation of downhole conditions and liquid flow within the pump, while the multiphase system enables the study of different oil-gas ratios. To capture transient flow characteristics without disturbing the flow, advanced techniques such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) are employed. PIV provides high precision, spatial resolution, and fast dynamic response, making it ideal for analyzing complex flow structures.
Oil pumps play a critical role in oilfield development. Enhancing their performance can significantly increase crude oil output and improve economic returns. Current pump development focuses on three main areas: (1) mechanical analysis of valve operation through simplification of motion and stress conditions; (2) functional design with technical innovations based on original pump structures, such as anti-sand and anti-gas heavy-duty pumps; and (3) laboratory testing to evaluate pumping efficiency and its influencing factors. For example, the Daqing Petroleum Institute conducted energy consumption tests using pressure and displacement sensors to measure pump inlet and outlet pressure curves, ball valve pressure drop, and power diagrams.
Despite these efforts, the fundamental challenge—pump flow field dynamics—remains underexplored. Understanding the flow field is crucial for optimizing pump valve movement and structural design. With advancements in PIV, Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), and ultrasound technologies, non-intrusive high-precision flow measurements have become possible. Although some studies exist in Canada, no published results have been found. Therefore, applying PIV and similar technologies to study internal pump flow fields is a promising future direction. The University of Petroleum (Beijing) Offshore Engineering Laboratory has initiated visualization experiments, combining theory and practice to advance pump design.
**Design of Pump Simulation Test Device**
Since downhole pumping involves multi-phase media, direct flow field testing is challenging. To save time and resources, the simulation device must support both single-phase and gas-liquid two-phase flow visualization. The pump chamber should be transparent for observation, and the system must include data acquisition and processing capabilities. Additionally, the rod drive system should be adjustable to study the impact of pump stroke on flow behavior.
**Structure Design of Simulation Test Device**
To simulate the reciprocating motion of the plunger and polished rod, a suitable power system is required. Two approaches were considered: one involving ground motor-driven systems, which are costly and not ideal for labs, and another using a motor-driven rope system with balance weights, which is less practical. A better solution is to use hydraulic and pneumatic control systems for dynamic simulation. The hydraulic system controls plunger motion and pressure, while the pneumatic system manages gas-liquid intake.
**Power Cylinder Hydraulic System**
This system includes a power cylinder, solenoid valves, a relief valve, and an oil pump, as shown in Figure 1. It allows for precise control of piston movement, enabling accurate simulation of underground conditions.
**Suction Pump Pressure Compensation System**
Designed to maintain stable inlet and outlet pressures, this system uses accumulators and a relief valve to regulate pressure fluctuations.
**Pneumatic Control System**
This system controls gas flow into the pump using a gas pump, flow meter, and electromagnetic switch, ensuring accurate simulation of well conditions.
**Simulation Test Device Features**
The device consists of a single-phase and a multiphase test unit. The single-phase system uses a plexiglass pump cylinder and hydraulic control, while the multiphase system allows for varying oil-gas ratios. Both units are transparent for visual observation, and the control system is simple and reliable.
**Image Acquisition and Processing System**
The PIV system, as shown in Figure 4, includes a lighting source, recording device, and image processing software. It captures velocity vectors and curl fields, revealing detailed flow structures. This technology offers high accuracy and is superior to traditional methods in capturing turbulent flow parameters.
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