In the mid-19th century, efforts to establish navigation rules and install lighthouses, buoys, and other visual signals at ports began. These early measures laid the foundation for what would eventually evolve into the modern Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS). As water transport expanded rapidly, the number of ships increased dramatically. Larger and faster vessels required more space and time for maneuvering, leading to severe congestion in limited waterways and making navigation increasingly complex. This growing challenge called for a more structured and secure system.
The need for improved traffic control was further accelerated by several major maritime accidents. For instance, in March 1967, a 110,000-ton Liberian tanker ran aground off the British coast, spilling 80,000 tons of oil and causing massive pollution in the English Channel. The incident shocked both Britain and France, prompting international efforts to implement a dedicated channel system for safer navigation. Similarly, the 1971 collision of two tankers in San Francisco Bay led to significant environmental damage, which pushed the U.S. to enact the "Port and Waterway Safety Law" and establish the San Francisco Experimental Ship Traffic System the following year.
Advancements in communication, radar, data processing, and computer technology also played a crucial role in the development of VTMS. In 1948, the Port of Liverpool became the first to install a port radar system, using ship-to-shore communications to guide vessels through fog. By 1972, the U.S. integrated computer technology with traditional radar systems, creating the San Francisco Experimental Ship Traffic System, which became a key milestone in developing advanced VTMS surveillance capabilities.
In February 1977, Tokyo Bay launched its own VTMS, featuring radar data processing and traffic management functions, marking the beginning of an automated and sophisticated monitoring system. Since then, the evolution of VTMS has focused on continuous technological improvements. By the mid-1980s, over 150 VTMS systems had been established worldwide, significantly enhancing safety and efficiency in maritime transportation.
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