Status Quo: Entering the Best Development Period in History China's equipment manufacturing industry has worked hard for more than half a century, especially in the past 20 years of reform, opening up, and modernization, making China a world-renowned manufacturing power. Since entering the new century, China's equipment manufacturing industry has entered the best period of development in history. The transformation of the mode of economic growth has achieved initial results, showing a sustained, rapid, and comprehensive growth.
First, there has been a historic change in the pattern of ownership of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises. At present, in China's equipment manufacturing industry, state-owned, private, and foreign-funded enterprises have formed a three-way situation. Among them, the proportion of private and foreign-funded enterprises operating in the industry continues to increase, bringing greater vitality to the development of the equipment industry.
Second, the industrial strategic layout has greatly improved. After the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" efforts, the production layout of major technical equipment in the equipment manufacturing industry has been improved: three major powers, one heavy, two heavy, heavy, changeable, western change, special variable electrical and other enterprises, to adapt to the current world level The requirements for the processing, assembly, testing, and shipping of super-heavy and heavy-duty equipment have been or are being built into new bases around the Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. They initially formed a relatively balanced strategic layout for North, Central, and South that can adapt to domestic major project transportation requirements and facilitate “introduction†and “going outâ€.
Third, the ability of industrial agglomeration has rapidly increased. Driven by the visible hand of governments at all levels and the invisible hand of the market, industrial agglomerations characterized by highly specialized division of labor and large-scale production are developing rapidly and have formed a clear competitive advantage.
Fourth, the industry management and service system was initially formed, and the industry’s technological level has improved significantly. The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" is a stage of development in which the equipment manufacturing industry lays a solid foundation and steps up. It is mainly manifested in the following: the basic work of the industry has been strengthened; the technological progress has been fruitful; and a number of key manufacturing technologies for major technical equipment have been mastered. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, important innovations were made in major projects such as the Three Gorges Project, West-East Electricity Transmission, West-East Gas Transmission, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and other major projects and electric vehicles.
Fifth, we have increased the pace of "going out". Since joining the WTO, China's equipment manufacturing enterprises have begun to explore new ways of international development while exploring and solving the strategic problems such as the source of enterprise technology and the integration of resources in the international market, including representative machine tools and automobiles. Two major industries.
One trend that merits attention is that qualified and capable companies have begun to set up their R&D centers overseas, relying on international resources, and accelerating their capacity for independent innovation. This reflects that China's equipment manufacturing industry has increased its awareness of using two markets and two kinds of resources, and its ability to participate in international competition is improving.
Problems: Insufficient innovation capacity Increase in industrial security risks Although China's equipment manufacturing industry has made great progress, the existing problems cannot be ignored. The main performance is: import dependence and export structure problems caused by weak innovation capacity, and increased industrial security risks. The root of these issues lies in the weak ability of independent innovation, and the weak ability of independent innovation restricts the sustainable development of equipment manufacturing industry and the improvement of international competitiveness.
In recent years, the rapid growth of exports has been based on a large number of imported technical equipment and components, and two-thirds of the investment in fixed assets in the entire society is dependent on imports. Optical fiber manufacturing equipment, integrated circuit chip manufacturing equipment, and petrochemical equipment have the highest level of import dependence. More than half of the market for car industry equipment, numerical control machine tools, textile machinery, and offset printing equipment are occupied by imported products. At present, China's equipment manufacturing industry exports account for about 40% of the country's total exports.
With the sustained and rapid growth of China’s foreign trade and the implementation of the “going out†strategy, exports of equipment manufacturing products will gradually enter the world’s forefront. However, the quality of the export of China's equipment industry products is not high, and in particular, the proportion of export products with independent intellectual property brand products is still very low. At present, China's equipment industry's self-owned brand exports account for less than 10% of the total. Most of the export is the use of foreign brands of processing trade or OEM-based order trade. China's equipment manufacturing industry has low technological content, low export efficiency, and poor structure. It is at the low end of the industrial chain in the international division of labor and lacks competitive enterprises and enterprise groups in the international market.
At the same time, although China’s equipment manufacturing industry has made significant progress in “going out†in recent years, the risk of industrial security is also increasing. A few industries have begun to jeopardize industrial safety due to excessive opening. In recent years, it has become clear that foreign capital has acquired the leading enterprises in China's equipment manufacturing industry. The instrumentation industry is one of the industries in which the equipment manufacturing industry uses the most foreign capital and joint venture projects. The value of the “triple-funded†enterprises that have joined the WTO in the following year has accounted for 60.6% of the entire industry, and the export delivery value accounts for 90.14%, and most of the foreign parties require absolute Holding or sole proprietorship, and gradually acquire outstanding Chinese enterprises. Foreign direct investment in construction machinery industry has also entered a new round of climax. In addition to a number of joint ventures, there are Volvo (excavator), Liebherr (excavator), BHS (concrete mixing equipment), Japan's Toyota (forklift), etc. A group of foreign-funded enterprises established wholly-owned factories to produce construction machinery in China. At the same time, a number of foreign shareholders of the original joint-venture factory increased their capital, expanded shares, and bought out sole proprietorships.
Development Strategy: Four Strategies to Enhance the Independent Innovation Capacity of Equipment Manufacturing Rejuvenate the equipment manufacturing industry has been highly valued by the party and the government during the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†period, and during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the “State Council has been accelerating the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry. Under the guidance of development strategies and policy resources such as Several Opinions and the National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan, the development of China's equipment manufacturing industry will usher in a new opportunity.
One of the strategies: Choosing “what can be†to play the role of the government and the market Since China's reform and opening up, it has actively accepted the industrial transfer of multinational companies. Although the "market-for-technology" strategy has been difficult to achieve in today's open era, the government should continue to play a role in organizational coordination without violating WTO rules. Because only the government plays a good role and chooses “what can beâ€, industrial transfer will have a positive effect on the development of domestic equipment manufacturing industry and industrial upgrading.
After China's accession to the WTO, the combination of industrial transfer and foreign direct investment has become increasingly closer. It has been difficult to obtain core technologies in the past through licensing trade, cooperative production, etc., and the monopolization tendency of industrial transfer is obvious. The purpose of this industrial transfer is to keep Chinese companies in the low end of the industrial chain, and to use foreign capital to prevent Chinese companies from entering the high-end market. However, under the correct guidance of the Chinese government, the result of industrial transfer precisely caused Chinese companies to enter the threshold of the global industrial chain, activated China’s deep stock of technical resources and technical capabilities, and led the equipment manufacturing industry. The improvement of technological advancement and innovation capacity has promoted GDP growth and employment growth.
For equipment manufacturing technology that China has not yet mastered, we should focus on implementation, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. For example, with large-scale turbine generators, China’s cooperation with 14 units on the Left Bank of the Three Gorges Project has not only formed mass production capacity, but has also independently improved the design of the runner model. At the same time, international counterparts should be encouraged to cooperate with Chinese enterprises to solve problems. In cooperation, they should complement each other, share risks and share interests, and promote integrated innovation. With the rapid development of the Chinese market economy, China's equipment manufacturing industry will face many new challenges. These challenges are unprecedented even from a worldwide perspective. For example, the design and manufacture of UHV power transmission and transformation equipment with a capacity of 1 million volts AC and 800,000 volts DC will certainly provide a powerful market driver for the expansion of Sino-foreign cooperation.
Strategy 2: Strengthen Government Procurement Support Establish a Support System for Policies and Funds For the support of independent innovation, the state should expand government procurement scale. Comparing with the practice of industrialized countries such as the United States, the government should give priority to purchasing its own equipment and products to support the independent innovation of equipment manufacturing enterprises. The government of China should arrange for projects to rely on the way to encourage users to give priority to the use of domestic equipment, especially the first set of domestic technology equipment. It will take the lead in adopting key projects of domestic equipment. When project owners loan, they will be given a discount by the state finance. For technologies and equipment that really need to be imported from abroad, the key technology equipments should be formulated and absorbed at the start of the project, and a certain percentage of the total cost of the project should be used for the digestion, absorption and re-innovation after introduction. jobs. In addition, equipment manufacturing risk funds may be jointly established by governments and manufacturing enterprises to provide insurance and guarantees for companies that initially assume their own autonomy.
At present, the focus of enterprise competition has shifted from production and operations to research and development. The state should allocate a certain percentage of funds to various key scientific and technological projects and major projects invested by the state and be used exclusively for key industries and key enterprises. Independent innovation of key equipment. It is recommended that the State Finance establish a special fund for independent innovation in equipment manufacturing for the introduction, digestion, absorption, and re-innovation of key technologies and major equipment, as well as common key technologies, and give priority to supporting the technological alliances in which enterprises are the mainstay and that combine production, study and research. The State shall appoint relevant government agencies to be responsible for the comprehensive coordination of technological introduction, digestion and absorption and independent innovation. Special attention shall be given to the equipment manufacturing industry in aspects such as investigation and research, formulation of policies, information dissemination, special fields and organization and implementation of projects.
Strategy 3: Regulating the Investment System Optimizing the Structure of Foreign Trade Promoting Industrial Upgrading To promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation as soon as possible, we should actively improve the investment environment, mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises for investment, and maintain the attractiveness of foreign investment with a good investment environment and improve the use of The quality and level of foreign investment.
In view of the current problems in China's equipment manufacturing industry's foreign trade, efforts should be made in the following four areas: Actively expand the contracting of foreign projects, and increase the ability of external cooperation and bidding for complete sets of projects to exchange resources for projects and drive the export of equipment products; On the basis of structural upgrading, optimizing the structure of export commodities; on the basis of technological innovation and R&D capabilities, actively expand the export of independent intellectual property rights and independent brand products; strive to increase the processing depth, technical content, and added value of traditional export products.
While optimizing the structure of export products, enterprises should be encouraged to independently develop technologies and equipment that are not yet able to meet domestic demand, and reduce dependence on equipment and manufacturing technology. As for the adjustment of import tax policy, the state should reduce the scope of tariff reduction and exemption for equipment manufacturing products and the scope of value-added tax for imports, creating a favorable taxation environment for China's independent innovation.
At present, China’s economic development depends on increasing dependence on foreign trade and trade frictions are increasing. Should speed up the establishment of equipment manufacturing trade friction monitoring and industrial safety warning system. For the tendency of multinational corporations to acquire the "leader" enterprise in China's equipment manufacturing industry, we must pay attention to guiding enterprises to continuously expand their opening to the outside world, and do not forget to increase the international competitiveness of their own industries. On the one hand, we must continue to open up to the outside world and actively introduce capital, technology, and management; on the other hand, we must adhere to the legal system that regulates foreign capital mergers and acquisitions by focusing on me.
Strategy 4: Starting from the Five Aspects to Establish an Independent Innovation System for Equipment Manufacturing The construction of an independent innovation system for equipment manufacturing should proceed from the following five aspects:
First, we must strengthen the construction of enterprise technology development institutions. Through policy guidance, large enterprises are encouraged to establish their own technology centers and form a relatively sound development system. It is possible to build state-level technological innovation infrastructure within large-scale, conditional enterprises to promote the leading role of companies in technological innovation in the industry.
Second, through policy guidance, fund support, technology transfer, personnel system reform and other measures, encourage enterprises and scientific research institutions to jointly organize engineering research centers, engineering and technology research centers and technology development agencies, and establish a wide range of strategic alliances for technological innovation.
Third, we must improve the construction of a platform for science and technology infrastructure. The state should strengthen the construction of the S&T infrastructure platform, improve the basic infrastructure such as science and technology basic data centers, scientific and technological documentation resources, and network research environment, and promote the efficient use of scientific and technological resources and the improvement of scientific research.
Fourth, we must cultivate innovative teams and establish human resources as the first resource strategic concept. Relying on the national key personnel training plan and major engineering projects, key disciplines and key scientific research bases, and international academic exchanges and cooperation projects, we will actively promote innovation team building and train the high-level talents required by the equipment industry.
Fifth, we must give full play to the service functions of industry associations, societies, and public institutions, give full play to the talents and technological advantages of all units, provide timely and effective technical consultation and services for enterprises, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of social service systems for intermediary organizations for enterprises. Help enterprises expand cooperation, accelerate innovation, protect independent intellectual property rights, and implement the "go global" strategy.
First, there has been a historic change in the pattern of ownership of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises. At present, in China's equipment manufacturing industry, state-owned, private, and foreign-funded enterprises have formed a three-way situation. Among them, the proportion of private and foreign-funded enterprises operating in the industry continues to increase, bringing greater vitality to the development of the equipment industry.
Second, the industrial strategic layout has greatly improved. After the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" efforts, the production layout of major technical equipment in the equipment manufacturing industry has been improved: three major powers, one heavy, two heavy, heavy, changeable, western change, special variable electrical and other enterprises, to adapt to the current world level The requirements for the processing, assembly, testing, and shipping of super-heavy and heavy-duty equipment have been or are being built into new bases around the Bohai Sea, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. They initially formed a relatively balanced strategic layout for North, Central, and South that can adapt to domestic major project transportation requirements and facilitate “introduction†and “going outâ€.
Third, the ability of industrial agglomeration has rapidly increased. Driven by the visible hand of governments at all levels and the invisible hand of the market, industrial agglomerations characterized by highly specialized division of labor and large-scale production are developing rapidly and have formed a clear competitive advantage.
Fourth, the industry management and service system was initially formed, and the industry’s technological level has improved significantly. The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" is a stage of development in which the equipment manufacturing industry lays a solid foundation and steps up. It is mainly manifested in the following: the basic work of the industry has been strengthened; the technological progress has been fruitful; and a number of key manufacturing technologies for major technical equipment have been mastered. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, important innovations were made in major projects such as the Three Gorges Project, West-East Electricity Transmission, West-East Gas Transmission, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and other major projects and electric vehicles.
Fifth, we have increased the pace of "going out". Since joining the WTO, China's equipment manufacturing enterprises have begun to explore new ways of international development while exploring and solving the strategic problems such as the source of enterprise technology and the integration of resources in the international market, including representative machine tools and automobiles. Two major industries.
One trend that merits attention is that qualified and capable companies have begun to set up their R&D centers overseas, relying on international resources, and accelerating their capacity for independent innovation. This reflects that China's equipment manufacturing industry has increased its awareness of using two markets and two kinds of resources, and its ability to participate in international competition is improving.
Problems: Insufficient innovation capacity Increase in industrial security risks Although China's equipment manufacturing industry has made great progress, the existing problems cannot be ignored. The main performance is: import dependence and export structure problems caused by weak innovation capacity, and increased industrial security risks. The root of these issues lies in the weak ability of independent innovation, and the weak ability of independent innovation restricts the sustainable development of equipment manufacturing industry and the improvement of international competitiveness.
In recent years, the rapid growth of exports has been based on a large number of imported technical equipment and components, and two-thirds of the investment in fixed assets in the entire society is dependent on imports. Optical fiber manufacturing equipment, integrated circuit chip manufacturing equipment, and petrochemical equipment have the highest level of import dependence. More than half of the market for car industry equipment, numerical control machine tools, textile machinery, and offset printing equipment are occupied by imported products. At present, China's equipment manufacturing industry exports account for about 40% of the country's total exports.
With the sustained and rapid growth of China’s foreign trade and the implementation of the “going out†strategy, exports of equipment manufacturing products will gradually enter the world’s forefront. However, the quality of the export of China's equipment industry products is not high, and in particular, the proportion of export products with independent intellectual property brand products is still very low. At present, China's equipment industry's self-owned brand exports account for less than 10% of the total. Most of the export is the use of foreign brands of processing trade or OEM-based order trade. China's equipment manufacturing industry has low technological content, low export efficiency, and poor structure. It is at the low end of the industrial chain in the international division of labor and lacks competitive enterprises and enterprise groups in the international market.
At the same time, although China’s equipment manufacturing industry has made significant progress in “going out†in recent years, the risk of industrial security is also increasing. A few industries have begun to jeopardize industrial safety due to excessive opening. In recent years, it has become clear that foreign capital has acquired the leading enterprises in China's equipment manufacturing industry. The instrumentation industry is one of the industries in which the equipment manufacturing industry uses the most foreign capital and joint venture projects. The value of the “triple-funded†enterprises that have joined the WTO in the following year has accounted for 60.6% of the entire industry, and the export delivery value accounts for 90.14%, and most of the foreign parties require absolute Holding or sole proprietorship, and gradually acquire outstanding Chinese enterprises. Foreign direct investment in construction machinery industry has also entered a new round of climax. In addition to a number of joint ventures, there are Volvo (excavator), Liebherr (excavator), BHS (concrete mixing equipment), Japan's Toyota (forklift), etc. A group of foreign-funded enterprises established wholly-owned factories to produce construction machinery in China. At the same time, a number of foreign shareholders of the original joint-venture factory increased their capital, expanded shares, and bought out sole proprietorships.
Development Strategy: Four Strategies to Enhance the Independent Innovation Capacity of Equipment Manufacturing Rejuvenate the equipment manufacturing industry has been highly valued by the party and the government during the “Tenth Five-Year Plan†period, and during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the “State Council has been accelerating the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry. Under the guidance of development strategies and policy resources such as Several Opinions and the National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan, the development of China's equipment manufacturing industry will usher in a new opportunity.
One of the strategies: Choosing “what can be†to play the role of the government and the market Since China's reform and opening up, it has actively accepted the industrial transfer of multinational companies. Although the "market-for-technology" strategy has been difficult to achieve in today's open era, the government should continue to play a role in organizational coordination without violating WTO rules. Because only the government plays a good role and chooses “what can beâ€, industrial transfer will have a positive effect on the development of domestic equipment manufacturing industry and industrial upgrading.
After China's accession to the WTO, the combination of industrial transfer and foreign direct investment has become increasingly closer. It has been difficult to obtain core technologies in the past through licensing trade, cooperative production, etc., and the monopolization tendency of industrial transfer is obvious. The purpose of this industrial transfer is to keep Chinese companies in the low end of the industrial chain, and to use foreign capital to prevent Chinese companies from entering the high-end market. However, under the correct guidance of the Chinese government, the result of industrial transfer precisely caused Chinese companies to enter the threshold of the global industrial chain, activated China’s deep stock of technical resources and technical capabilities, and led the equipment manufacturing industry. The improvement of technological advancement and innovation capacity has promoted GDP growth and employment growth.
For equipment manufacturing technology that China has not yet mastered, we should focus on implementation, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. For example, with large-scale turbine generators, China’s cooperation with 14 units on the Left Bank of the Three Gorges Project has not only formed mass production capacity, but has also independently improved the design of the runner model. At the same time, international counterparts should be encouraged to cooperate with Chinese enterprises to solve problems. In cooperation, they should complement each other, share risks and share interests, and promote integrated innovation. With the rapid development of the Chinese market economy, China's equipment manufacturing industry will face many new challenges. These challenges are unprecedented even from a worldwide perspective. For example, the design and manufacture of UHV power transmission and transformation equipment with a capacity of 1 million volts AC and 800,000 volts DC will certainly provide a powerful market driver for the expansion of Sino-foreign cooperation.
Strategy 2: Strengthen Government Procurement Support Establish a Support System for Policies and Funds For the support of independent innovation, the state should expand government procurement scale. Comparing with the practice of industrialized countries such as the United States, the government should give priority to purchasing its own equipment and products to support the independent innovation of equipment manufacturing enterprises. The government of China should arrange for projects to rely on the way to encourage users to give priority to the use of domestic equipment, especially the first set of domestic technology equipment. It will take the lead in adopting key projects of domestic equipment. When project owners loan, they will be given a discount by the state finance. For technologies and equipment that really need to be imported from abroad, the key technology equipments should be formulated and absorbed at the start of the project, and a certain percentage of the total cost of the project should be used for the digestion, absorption and re-innovation after introduction. jobs. In addition, equipment manufacturing risk funds may be jointly established by governments and manufacturing enterprises to provide insurance and guarantees for companies that initially assume their own autonomy.
At present, the focus of enterprise competition has shifted from production and operations to research and development. The state should allocate a certain percentage of funds to various key scientific and technological projects and major projects invested by the state and be used exclusively for key industries and key enterprises. Independent innovation of key equipment. It is recommended that the State Finance establish a special fund for independent innovation in equipment manufacturing for the introduction, digestion, absorption, and re-innovation of key technologies and major equipment, as well as common key technologies, and give priority to supporting the technological alliances in which enterprises are the mainstay and that combine production, study and research. The State shall appoint relevant government agencies to be responsible for the comprehensive coordination of technological introduction, digestion and absorption and independent innovation. Special attention shall be given to the equipment manufacturing industry in aspects such as investigation and research, formulation of policies, information dissemination, special fields and organization and implementation of projects.
Strategy 3: Regulating the Investment System Optimizing the Structure of Foreign Trade Promoting Industrial Upgrading To promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation as soon as possible, we should actively improve the investment environment, mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises for investment, and maintain the attractiveness of foreign investment with a good investment environment and improve the use of The quality and level of foreign investment.
In view of the current problems in China's equipment manufacturing industry's foreign trade, efforts should be made in the following four areas: Actively expand the contracting of foreign projects, and increase the ability of external cooperation and bidding for complete sets of projects to exchange resources for projects and drive the export of equipment products; On the basis of structural upgrading, optimizing the structure of export commodities; on the basis of technological innovation and R&D capabilities, actively expand the export of independent intellectual property rights and independent brand products; strive to increase the processing depth, technical content, and added value of traditional export products.
While optimizing the structure of export products, enterprises should be encouraged to independently develop technologies and equipment that are not yet able to meet domestic demand, and reduce dependence on equipment and manufacturing technology. As for the adjustment of import tax policy, the state should reduce the scope of tariff reduction and exemption for equipment manufacturing products and the scope of value-added tax for imports, creating a favorable taxation environment for China's independent innovation.
At present, China’s economic development depends on increasing dependence on foreign trade and trade frictions are increasing. Should speed up the establishment of equipment manufacturing trade friction monitoring and industrial safety warning system. For the tendency of multinational corporations to acquire the "leader" enterprise in China's equipment manufacturing industry, we must pay attention to guiding enterprises to continuously expand their opening to the outside world, and do not forget to increase the international competitiveness of their own industries. On the one hand, we must continue to open up to the outside world and actively introduce capital, technology, and management; on the other hand, we must adhere to the legal system that regulates foreign capital mergers and acquisitions by focusing on me.
Strategy 4: Starting from the Five Aspects to Establish an Independent Innovation System for Equipment Manufacturing The construction of an independent innovation system for equipment manufacturing should proceed from the following five aspects:
First, we must strengthen the construction of enterprise technology development institutions. Through policy guidance, large enterprises are encouraged to establish their own technology centers and form a relatively sound development system. It is possible to build state-level technological innovation infrastructure within large-scale, conditional enterprises to promote the leading role of companies in technological innovation in the industry.
Second, through policy guidance, fund support, technology transfer, personnel system reform and other measures, encourage enterprises and scientific research institutions to jointly organize engineering research centers, engineering and technology research centers and technology development agencies, and establish a wide range of strategic alliances for technological innovation.
Third, we must improve the construction of a platform for science and technology infrastructure. The state should strengthen the construction of the S&T infrastructure platform, improve the basic infrastructure such as science and technology basic data centers, scientific and technological documentation resources, and network research environment, and promote the efficient use of scientific and technological resources and the improvement of scientific research.
Fourth, we must cultivate innovative teams and establish human resources as the first resource strategic concept. Relying on the national key personnel training plan and major engineering projects, key disciplines and key scientific research bases, and international academic exchanges and cooperation projects, we will actively promote innovation team building and train the high-level talents required by the equipment industry.
Fifth, we must give full play to the service functions of industry associations, societies, and public institutions, give full play to the talents and technological advantages of all units, provide timely and effective technical consultation and services for enterprises, and accelerate the establishment and improvement of social service systems for intermediary organizations for enterprises. Help enterprises expand cooperation, accelerate innovation, protect independent intellectual property rights, and implement the "go global" strategy.
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